SPACERIUM

The search for life beyond Earth has taken a major leap forward with the recent discovery of intriguing biosignatures on K2-18b , an exoplanet located about 120 light-years away in the constellation Leo . Scientists have found promising indications of potential life , sparking global excitement within the astronomical and astrobiological communities. Let’s dive into what makes K2-18b so fascinating, what scientists discovered, and how we are detecting the signs of possible life on this distant world. What is K2-18b? K2-18b is a super-Earth or mini-Neptune —a type of exoplanet that lies between Earth and Neptune in size. It orbits within the habitable zone of its red dwarf star, K2-18 , where temperatures might allow for liquid water to exist. Key facts about K2-18b: Distance from Earth : ~120 light-years Radius : ~2.6 times that of Earth Mass : ~8.6 times Earth’s mass Orbital Period : ~33 days Atmosphere : Hydrogen-rich Its relatively cool star a...

In 2025, NASA’s  James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)  delivered yet another mesmerizing view of the cosmos this time, of the  Crystal Ball Nebula , scientifically known as  NGC 1514 . Nestled approximately 1,500 light-years away in the constellation  Taurus , this planetary nebula offers an ethereal glimpse into the final evolutionary stages of a dying star. Thanks to JWST’s high-resolution imaging and infrared capabilities, astronomers have gained new insight into the structure, composition, and evolutionary history of this enigmatic nebula. What is the Crystal Ball Nebula? The Crystal Ball Nebula, NGC 1514, is a  planetary nebula  – a glowing shell of gas and dust ejected by a dying star in the late stages of its life. The name “planetary nebula” is somewhat misleading; these structures have nothing to do with planets. The term dates back to the 18th century, when early astronomers like William Herschel observed their round, planet-lik...

  The vastness of the cosmos has always been a realm of curiosity, with countless stars harboring their own planetary systems. One such fascinating system belongs to the star HR 8799 , a landmark in exoplanetary research. Recently, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) added a new chapter to this cosmic saga by detecting carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere of one of HR 8799's exoplanets. This discovery not only showcases the advanced capabilities of the JWST but also opens up intriguing questions about the composition and evolution of exoplanetary atmospheres. The HR 8799 System: An Overview HR 8799 is a young, massive A-type star located approximately 133 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Pegasus. Known for being one of the first star systems with directly imaged exoplanets, HR 8799 hosts a dynamic family of four gas giants: HR 8799 b, c, d, and e. These exoplanets are massive, ranging from 5 to 10 times the mass of Jupiter, and they orbit their parent star at d...

Launched in 1977, NASA's  Voyager 1  and   Voyager 2  spacecraft have been on an extraordinary journey, venturing beyond our solar system into interstellar space. Designed for a five-year mission to study the outer planets, these probes have far exceeded expectations, operating for over 47 years. However, as their power sources diminish, NASA has begun deactivating certain instruments to extend their operational lifespans. Power Constraints and Instrument Deactivations Both Voyager spacecraft are powered by radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), which convert heat from decaying plutonium-238 into electricity. These RTGs lose approximately 4 watts of power annually, necessitating strategic shutdowns of onboard instruments to conserve energy. Voyager 1 : On February 25, 2025, NASA engineers deactivated the   Cosmic Ray Subsystem (CRS)  experiment. This suite of three telescopes was designed to study cosmic rays, including protons from the galaxy and...

The universe is a vast and awe-inspiring place, filled with countless galaxies, each with its own unique characteristics and secrets. Among these, NGC 4261 stands out as a fascinating object of study for astronomers and astrophysicists. Located approximately 100 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo, NGC 4261 is a giant elliptical galaxy that has captured the attention of scientists due to its intriguing structure, active galactic nucleus (AGN), and the supermassive black hole at its core. In this blog, we will delve into the details of NGC 4261, exploring its features, significance, and the mysteries it holds. Overview of NGC 4261 NGC 4261, also known as UGC 7360 or PGC 39659, is a massive elliptical galaxy that belongs to the Virgo Cluster, a rich collection of galaxies. Elliptical galaxies like NGC 4261 are characterized by their smooth, featureless appearance and lack of spiral arms. They are typically composed of older stars and contain little interstellar gas or dus...

NASA’s Parker Solar Probe is on the verge of achieving yet another historic milestone as it moves closer to the Sun than ever before. Scheduled for December 25, this record-breaking perihelion will bring the probe within approximately 6.2 million kilometers (3.8 million miles) of the Sun’s surface, marking a significant leap in solar exploration. This close approach will allow scientists to gather critical data on the Sun’s outer atmosphere, known as the corona , unlocking key insights into solar wind, magnetic fields, and the fundamental processes governing our star. Historical Background and Mission Overview Launched on August 12, 2018 , aboard a Delta IV Heavy rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, the Parker Solar Probe was designed to revolutionize our understanding of the Sun. Named after physicist Dr. Eugene Parker , who first proposed the existence of the solar wind, the probe’s mission is to venture closer to the Sun than any previous spacecraft. Over the course of its seven-ye...

  Parent Star: PDS 70 Stellar Classification : T Tauri-type Young Star Age : Approximately 5.4 million years Mass : 0.76 ± 0.05 solar masses Spectral Type : K7-M0 Location : Centaurus Constellation Distance from Earth : 370 light-years Planetary System Architecture The PDS 70 system represents a critical astronomical laboratory, featuring: A young protoplanetary disk Multiple planetary embryos Active planetary formation processes Detailed Planetary Characteristics of PDS 70b Fundamental Physical Parameters Mass : 4.2 ± 0.5 Jupiter masses Radius : 2.1 ± 0.3 Jupiter radii Surface Temperature : 1,200-1,400 Kelvin Orbital Period : Approximately 118 Earth years Orbital Distance : 22 astronomical units Orbital Eccentricity : 0.38 ± 0.05 Planetary Interior Structure Core Composition Core Mass : Estimated 10-15 Earth masses Composition : Mixture of rocky materials, metallic elements ...

The solar system, our cosmic backyard, never ceases to amaze us. The latest jaw-dropping revelation comes from the scorching planet Mercury, the closest to our Sun. According to groundbreaking research based on data from NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft, Mercury might be hiding a staggering secret: a 10-mile thick layer of diamonds beneath its crust! A Diamond-Encrusted World? Imagine a planet adorned not with gold, but with diamonds. While it might sound like something out of a sci-fi movie, this could be the reality of Mercury. Scientists have proposed that the extreme pressure and temperature conditions within Mercury's core transformed carbon into diamonds over billions of years. This process is believed to have created a massive diamond layer beneath the planet's surface. NASA's MESSENGER: The Unsung Hero We owe this incredible discovery to NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft. Launched in 2004, it orbited Mercury from 2011 to 2015, gathering invaluable data about the planet...